Carteira de serviços da atenção primária à saúde: com recorte no cuidado do sobrepeso e obesidade dos municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul versão estadual / Portfolio of Primary Health Care Services: with Cut in the Care of Overweight and Obesity of the Municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul state version

A obesidade severa, representa um desafio significativo para a saúde pública, demandando ações coordenadas e eficazes em todos os níveis de atenção à saúde (BRASIL, 2022). Nesse sentido o mapeamento das ações, serviços e atividades da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), bem como a estruturação destes serviços são cruciais para uma abordagem integrada, preventiva e eficaz no enfrentamento dessa temática. Os serviços de saúde na APS possuam um enfoque multidimensional, abordando a obesidade não apenas como uma condição individual, mas como um fenômeno multifatorial que requer estratégias integradas de prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e manejo adequado. Ao identificar os serviços existentes e suas respectivas capacidades, a gestão estadual pode direcionar investimentos de forma mais eficaz e estratégica. Além disso, permite a criação de estratégias de fortalecimento, capacitação e integração entre os profissionais da APS, aprimorando o cuidado prestado aos indivíduos com obesidade e otimizando a utilização dos recursos públicos disponíveis. O inquérito foi elaborado em cinco blocos, referente as seguintes dimensões: Saúde da criança e do adolescente, saúde da pessoa adulta e idoso, procedimentos da APS, atenção e cuidado à saúde bucal e infraestrutura.

Disciplinas da aprendizagem organizacional para o desenvolvimento de enfermeiros líderes em ambiente hospitalar: revisão integrativa / Disciplinas de aprendizaje organizacional para el desarrollo de enfermeros líderes en un ambiente hospitalario: una revisión integradora / Disciplines of organizational learning for the development of nurse leaders in a hospital environment: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as evidências científicas sobre a aplicação dos conceitos das disciplinas da aprendizagem organizacional de Peter Senge para o desenvolvimento de enfermeiros líderes em ambiente hospitalar. Método: revisão integrativa, realizada mediante busca nas bases de dados Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scientific Electronic Library Online Citation Index e Scopus. Resultados: foram identificadas 616 produções e incluídas no estudo oito. Evidenciou-se um hiato na produção de conhecimentos sobre a aplicação desses conceitos para o desenvolvimento de enfermeiros líderes. Caracterizado por pesquisas produzidas em uma ampla variedade de países, em inglês e português do Brasil. Identificado o uso dessa contribuição teórica como recurso de aprendizagem organizacional para a área da saúde e Enfermagem, orientado para a melhoria do ambiente laboral nos serviços e no hospital, bem como integrador das equipes. Conclusões: a investigação possibilitou a ampliação do conhecimento científico na área da saúde e Enfermagem a respeito do emprego dos conceitos da aprendizagem organizacional de Peter Senge na área da saúde e Enfermagem. Apresentados como avanços para o desenvolvimento da liderança, contributos para o despertar de um novo olhar para o preparo, capacitação e qualificação profissional, de modo a incentivar a mudança de comportamento e dos cenários de atuação mediante ações voltadas para a prestação de uma assistência segura e de qualidade. Recomenda-se uma investigação aprofundada acerca dessa temática, dada a relevância da liderança, considerada uma das competências gerenciais essenciais para o desempenho do enfermeiro durante o exercício do trabalho nos serviços de saúde e, mais especificamente, no hospital.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la evidencia científica sobre la aplicación de los conceptos de las disciplinas de aprendizaje organizacional de Peter Senge para el desarrollo de los líderes de enfermería en un entorno hospitalario. Método: revisión integradora, realizada mediante búsqueda en las bases de datos: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scientific Electronic Library Online Citation Index e Scopus. Resultados: se identificaron 616 producciones y se incluyeron ocho en el estudio. Se evidenció un vacío en la producción de conocimientos sobre la aplicación de estos conceptos para el desarrollo de los enfermeros líderes. Se caracteriza por la investigación producida en una gran variedad de países, en inglés y portugués brasileño. Identificó el uso de esta aportación teórica como recurso de aprendizaje organizativo para el área de la salud y la Enfermería, orientado a la mejora del ambiente laboral en los servicios y en el hospital, así como a la integración de los equipos. Conclusiones: la investigación permitió ampliar el conocimiento científico en el área de la salud y la Enfermería en cuanto al uso de los conceptos de aprendizaje organizacional de Peter Senge en el área de la salud y la enfermería. Se presentan como avances para el desarrollo del liderazgo, aportes para el despertar de una nueva mirada en la preparación, formación y capacitación profesional, con el fin de incentivar el cambio de comportamiento y los escenarios de actuación a través de acciones orientadas a brindar una atención segura y de calidad. Se recomienda una investigación para profundizar en este tema, dada la relevancia del liderazgo, que se considera una de las competencias directivas esenciales para el desempeño de las enfermeras durante su trabajo en los servicios de salud y, más concretamente, en los hospitales.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the scientific evidence on the application of the concepts of Peter Senge's organizational learning disciplines to the development of nurse leaders in a hospital environment. Method: integrative review, carried out by searching the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scientific Electronic Library Online Citation Index and Scopus databases. Results: 616 productions were identified and eight were included in the study. There was a gap in the production of knowledge about the application of these concepts for the development of nurse leaders. Characterized by research produced in a wide variety of countries, in English and Brazilian Portuguese. The use of this theoretical contribution was identified as an organizational learning resource for the area of health and Nursing, aimed at improving the work environment in services and in the hospital, as well as integrating teams. Conclusions: the investigation made it possible to expand scientific knowledge in the area of health and Nursing regarding the use of Peter Senge's organizational learning concepts in the area of health and Nursing. Presented as advances for the development of leadership, contributions to the awakening of a new look at the preparation, training and professional qualification, in order to encourage behavior, change and action scenarios through actions aimed at providing safe and Of Quality. An in-depth investigation on this topic is recommended, given the relevance of leadership, considered one of the essential managerial competences for the performance of nurses during their work in health services and, more specifically, in the hospital.

Self-perception of oral health among tertiary-care users: quanti-qualitative analysis with chronic kidney disease patients

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a global public health challenge. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between self-perception of oral health and clinical condition among patients with CKD. This isa quanti-qualitative survey conducted in a CKD specialized service. The sample consisted of 60 patients who underwent oral examinations to have their severity of caries (DMFT) and need for dental prosthesis checked. Age, sex, time on dialysis, marital status, skin color, education and pre-existing diseases were also analyzed. Among the kidney patients who agreed to undergo the clinical examinations and showed communication skills, some were selected, and three focus groups were created, with the participation of a moderator and six to 10 kidney patients in each group. Their speeches were processed in the IRAMUTEQ software and analyzed through the similarity analysis and word cloud techniques. As for profile, the patients were aged 60.23 ± 10.87 years old; were male (73.33%); were on dialysis for 41.90 ± 56.57 months; were married (61.67%); were white (76.67%); had incomplete primary education (41.66%); had arterial hypertension (76.67%); had a DMFT index of 22.55 ± 8.39; 43.33% needed an upper complete denture; and 30.00% needed a lower complete denture. The similarity analysis revealed many doubts and uncertainties about current health services, which can be proven by the words 'no' and 'treatment'. The quanti-qualitative analysis showed a high rate of dental loss and the need for complete dentures and suggests inequities in oral health care for chronic kidney disease patients, especially in tertiary care. There was a positive representation regarding oral health, but the lexicographical analyses of the textual corpusconfirmed the self-perception of lack of dental care.

Understanding the needs of low-income countries: how urologists can help.

Delivering urological humanitarian aid to countries with greater need has been provided by urologists associated with British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) Urolink over the last 30 years. Urolink has realised the need to understand where that need is geographically, what tangible help is required, and how assistance can be delivered in the most ethically appropriate way. The World Bank stratification of countries by per capita gross national income has helped in the identification of low-come countries or lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), the vast majority of which are in sub-Saharan Africa. The medical and socioeconomic needs of those country's populations, which constitute 17% of the global community, are substantially different from that required in higher income countries. More than 40% of sub-Saharan Africa's population is aged <14 years, it has a substantially reduced life expectancy, which influences the type of pathologies seen, and perinatal complications are a major cause of morbidity for both mother and child. There is a significant problem with the availability of medical care in these countries and almost a third of global deaths have been attributed to the lack of access to emergency and elective surgery. Urologically, the main conditions demanding the attention of the very few available urologists are congenital anomalies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, urolithiasis, urethral stricture, and pelvic cancer. The management of these conditions is often substantially different from that in the UK, being limited by a lack of personnel, equipment, and access to geographically relevant guidelines appropriate to the healthcare environment. Assisting LMICs to develop sustainable urological services can be helped by understanding the local needs of linked institutions, establishing trusting and durable relationships with partner centres and by providing appropriate education that can be perpetuated, and disseminated, across a region of need.

Rapid Development and Deployment of an Intensivist-Led Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Cannulation Program.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the safety and efficacy of a rapidly deployed intensivist-led venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation program in a preexisting extracorporeal membrane oxygenation program. DESIGN: A retrospective observational before-and-after study of 40 patients undergoing percutaneous cannulation for venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in an established cannulation program by cardiothoracic surgeons versus a rapidly deployed medical intensivist cannulation program. SETTING: An adult ICU in a tertiary academic medical center in Camden, NJ. PATIENTS: Critically ill adult subjects with severe respiratory failure undergoing percutaneous cannulation for venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. INTERVENTIONS: Percutaneous cannulation for venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation performed by cardiothoracic surgeons compared with cannulations performed by medical intensivists. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation site attempts were retrospectively reviewed. Subject demographics, specialty of physician performing cannulation, type of support, cannulation configuration, cannula size, imaging guidance, success rate, and complications were recorded and summarized. Twenty-two cannulations were performed by three cardiothoracic surgeons in 11 subjects between September 2019 and February 2020. The cannulation program rapidly transitioned to an intensivist-led and performed program in March 2020. Fifty-seven cannulations were performed by eight intensivists in 29 subjects between March 2020 and December 2020. Mean body mass index for subjects did not differ between groups (33.86 vs 35.89; p = 0.775). There was no difference in days on mechanical ventilation prior to cannulation, configuration, cannula size, or discharge condition. There was no difference in success rate of cannulation on first attempt per cannulation site (95.5 vs 96.7; p = 0.483) or major complication rate per cannulation site (4.5 vs 3.5; p = 1). CONCLUSIONS: There is no difference between success and complication rates of percutaneous venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation canulation when performed by cardiothoracic surgeons versus medical intensivist in an already established extracorporeal membrane oxygenation program. A rapidly deployed cannulation program by intensivists for venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation can be performed with high success and low complication rates.

Segurança do paciente em tempos de pandemia: reflexão a partir dos atributos de qualidade do cuidado / Seguridad del paciente en tiempos de pandemia: reflexión basada en los atributos de la calidad de la atención / Patient Safety in pandemic times: A reflection based on the care quality attributes

Resumo Objetivo discutir a segurança do paciente sob um enfoque teórico e nos atributos de qualidade em saúde, no contexto da pandemia pelo novo coronavírus. Método reflexão desenvolvida com base nas dimensões estrutural, particular e singular, contidas na Teoria da Intervenção Práxica da Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva e nos atributos da qualidade em saúde de Donabedian, e no Programa de Avaliação de Desempenho dos Serviços de Saúde. Resultados as mudanças drásticas e repentinas no cenário de assistência à saúde, ocasionadas pela pandemia, constituíram-se em risco adicional à oferta de uma assistência segura. Isto pode ser evidenciado por meio da ruptura dos atributos adequação, segurança, acesso/oportunidade, equidade e efetividade. Conclusão e implicações para a prática o contexto pandêmico atual representou uma séria ameaça à qualidade do cuidado e à segurança do paciente. O desafio é repensarmos a consolidação de boas práticas de saúde, a partir do investimento em organizações seguras, considerando os atributos/domínios da qualidade do cuidado em saúde. Contribui para a reflexão sobre a gestão responsável dos serviços de saúde fundamentada em conhecimentos científicos, e sobre a importância de persistir no fortalecimento do SUS, enquanto estratégia de efetivação dos atributos de qualidade do cuidado.

Resumen Objetivo debatir la seguridad del paciente desde un enfoque teórico y sobre la base los atributos de la calidad en salud, en el contexto de la pandemia provocada por el nuevo coronavirus. Método reflexión desarrollada a partir de las dimensiones estructural, particular y singular contenidas en la Teoría de la Intervención Práctica de Enfermería en Salud Pública y en los atributos de calidad en salud de Donabedian, al igual que en el Programa de Evaluación del Desempeño de los Servicios de Salud. Resultados los cambios drásticos y repentinos en el escenario de atención en salud provocados por la pandemia constituyen un riesgo adicional para la prestación de una atención segura. Esto puede evidenciarse a través de la ruptura de los atributos de adecuación, seguridad, acceso/oportunidad, equidad y eficacia. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica el actual contexto de la pandemia representó una grave amenaza para la calidad de la atención y la seguridad del paciente. El desafío es que podamos repensar la consolidación de buenas prácticas en salud, a partir de inversiones en organizaciones seguras, considerando los atributos/dominios de la calidad de la atención en salud. Al igual que contribuir a la reflexión sobre una gestión responsable de los servicios de salud basada en el conocimiento científico, al igual que sobre la importancia de persistir en el fortalecimiento del SUS, como estrategia para implementar los atributos de calidad de la atención.

Abstract Objective to discuss patient safety based on a theoretical approach and on the health quality attributes in the context of the new coronavirus pandemic. Method a reflection developed based on the structural, particular and singular dimensions contained in the Theory of Practical Intervention of Collective Health Nursing and in the Donabedian health quality attributes, as well as on the Program for Performance Evaluation of Health Services. Results the drastic and sudden changes in the health care scenario caused by the pandemic constitute an additional risk to the provision of safe care. This can be evidenced through non-compliance with the adequacy, safety, access/opportunity, equality and effectiveness attributes. Conclusion and implications for the practice the current pandemic context represented a serious threat to care quality and patient safety. The challenge is for us to rethink the consolidation of good health practices, based on investment in safe organizations, considering the health care quality attributes/domains. As well as to contribute to the reflection on responsible management of the health services based on scientific knowledge, and on the importance of persisting in strengthening the SUS, as a strategy for implementing the care quality attributes.

Processo transexualizador no sus: questões para a psicologia a partir de itinerários terapêuticos e despatologização / Proceso transexualizador en el sus: cuestiones para la psicología desde itinerarios terapêuticos y despatologización / Transexualizing process in the sus: questions for psychology from therapeutic itinetaries and depathologization

RESUMO. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, des critiva e exploratória, realizada no Tratamento Fora de Domicílio, na cidade de Cuiabá-MT, Brasil, que objetivou levantar reflexões sobre os itinerários terapêuticos de pessoas trans, na busca pelo Processo Transexualizador. Participaram três homens trans, duas mulheres trans e uma mulher travesti, com faixa etária de 21 a 32 anos. Os da dos foram coletados por entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisados mediante análise de conteúdo. Os resultados mostram que essas pessoas trans seguem trajetórias diver sas, procurando serviços institucionalizados ou informais (redes de socialidade trans), para a afirmação de suas identidades de gênero. Destacam-se entraves atinentes à patologização, ao acolhimento, à continuidade do cuidado, à resolutividade e à referência na rede de atenção do processo transexualizador. Observaram-se importantes pontos críticos na assistência social, endocrinológica e para a psicologia, sendo a peregrinação pelos serviços de saúde demarcada por constantes discriminações institucionais, permitindo a compreensão de como o sistema de saúde se organiza em relação ao atendimento dessas pessoas, elencando questões para o trabalho da psicologia, nesse campo, a partir de uma perspectiva da experiência e materialidade do gênero.

RESUMEN. Esta es una investigación cualitativa, descriptiva y exploratoria realizada en el tratamiento fuera del domicilio en la ciudad de Cuiabá, Brasil, que tuvo como objetivo plantear reflexiones sobre los itinerarios terapéuticos de las personas trans en la búsqueda del proceso transexual. Participaron tres hombres trans, 2 mujeres trans y 1 mujer travesti de 21 a 32 años. Los datos fueron recogidos a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y fueron analizados mediante el Análisis de Contenido. Los resultados muestran que estas personas trans siguen caminos divergentes en busca de servicios institucionalizados o informales (redes sociales trans) para afirmar sus identidades de género. Se destacan los obstáculos relacionados con la patologización, acogida, la continuidad de la atención, la resolución y la referencia en la red de atención del Proceso Transexualizador. Se observaron puntos críticos importantes en la asistencia social, la endocrinología y la psicología, em que la peregrinación por los servicios de salud es delimitada por la constante discriminación institucional que permite comprender cómo se organiza el sistema de salud en relación con la atención de estas personas que señalan los problemas para el trabajo de la Psicología en este campo desde una perspectiva de experiencia y materialidad de género

ABSTRACT. This qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research conducted in the Away from Home Treatment (Tratamento Fora de Domicílio [TFD]), in Cuiabá, Brazil, aimed to raise reflections on the therapeutic process itineraries of trans people in the search for the Transsexualizer Process (Processo Transexual [PT]). Three transgender men, two transgender women and one transvestite woman participated. They were aged between 21 and 32 years. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Content Analysis. The results show that trans people follow different itineraries, looking for institutionalized or informal services (trans sociality networks) to affirm their gender identities. Obstacles related to pathologization, reception, continuity of care, resolution and reference in the care network of the Transsexualizer Process stand out. Important critical points were observed in social, endocrinological and psychological care. The pilgrimage by health services was marked by constant institutional discrimination, allowing for the understanding of how the health system is organized concerning the care of these people, listing issues for the work of Psychology, in this field, from a perspective of the experience and materiality of gender.

Reorganização do serviço ambulatorial de referência para condições crônicas durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Reorganización del servicio de referencia ambulatoria para condiciones crónicas durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Reorganization of the outpatient reference service for chronic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo Objetivo Relatar a experiência da equipe de saúde da atenção especializada na reorganização do processo de trabalho para a continuidade do cuidado às pessoas com condições crônicas complexas durante a pandemia da covid-19. Métodos Relato de experiência vivenciada em ambulatório do Estado do Paraná entre março e julho de 2020. O serviço ambulatorial em questão adota o Modelo de Atenção às Condições Crônicas para o atendimento de gestantes, crianças, idosos, pessoas com hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus e transtornos mentais, estratificadas como condições complexas. Resultados O avanço da pandemia no Brasil implicou a necessidade de planejar a reorganização da atenção ambulatorial especializada, definindo atividades assistenciais presenciais no serviço, atividades itinerantes nos municípios e uso de tecnologias remotas para assistência e matriciamento. Conclusão e Implicações para a prática O rigor no cumprimento das recomendações sanitárias possibilitou a reorganização dos processos de trabalho no serviço, com modificações que permitiram a continuidade do cuidado de pessoas com condições crônicas complexas. O planejamento e o desenvolvimento das modificações no serviço foram fundamentais para manter o acompanhamento e o monitoramento da saúde das pessoas com condições crônicas complexas em meio a pandemia, minimizando as descompensações e, consequentemente, diminuindo a necessidade de essas pessoas utilizarem os serviços de saúde.

Resumen Objetivo Exponer la experiencia del equipo de atención a la salud especializada, en la reorganización del proceso de trabajo para la continuidad de la atención a personas con enfermedades crónicas complejas durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos Informe de experiencia en un centro ambulatorio del estado brasileño de Paraná entre marzo y julio de 2020. El servicio adopta el Modelo de Atención a Condiciones Crónicas para el atendimiento de: gestantes, niños, ancianos, personas con hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y trastornos mentales, estratificado como condiciones complejas. Resultados El avance de la pandemia en Brasil implicó en la necesidad de planificar la reorganización de la atención ambulatoria especializada, al definir acciones de actividades asistenciales presenciales en el servicio, actividades itinerantes en los municipios y el uso de tecnologías remotas para la asistencia y apoyo matricial. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica El rigor en el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones sanitarias permitió la reorganización de los procesos de trabajo en el servicio, con cambios que permitieron la continuidad del cuidado de las personas con condiciones crónicas complejas. La planificación y el desarrollo de los cambios en el servicio fueron fundamentales para mantener el acompañamiento y la vigilancia de la salud de personas con condiciones crónicas complejas en medio a la pandemia, minimizando las descompensaciones y, consecuentemente, disminuyendo la necesidad de que estas personas utilicen los servicios de salud.

Abstract Objective To report the experience of the specialized care health team in reorganizing the work process for the continuity of care for people with complex chronic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Experience report lived in an outpatient clinic in Paraná State between March and July 2020. The outpatient service in question adopts the Chronic Conditions Care Model for pregnant women, children, elderly people, people with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and mental disorders, stratified as complex conditions. Results The advance of the pandemic in Brazil implied the need to plan the reorganization of specialized ambulatory care, defining face-to-face care activities in the service, itinerant activities in municipalities, and the use of remote care technologies and matrix support. Conclusion and Implications for practice Rigorous compliance with health recommendations allowed the reorganization of work processes in the service with modifications that allowed continuity of care for people with complex chronic conditions. The planning and development of the modifications in the service were fundamental to maintain the follow-up and monitoring of the health of people with complex chronic conditions amid the pandemic, minimizing decompensations and, consequently, reducing the need for these people to use health services.

Empanelment of health care facilities under Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) in India.

INTRODUCTION: India's Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) is the world's largest health assurance scheme providing health cover of 500,000 INR (about USD 6,800) per family per year. It provides financial support for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization expenses to about 500 million of India's poorest households through various insurance models with care delivered by public and private empanelled providers. This study undertook to describe the provider empanelment of PM-JAY, a key element of its functioning and determinant of its impact. METHODS: We carried out secondary analysis of cross-sectional administrative program data publicly available in PM-JAY portal for 30 Indian states and 06 UTs. We analysed the state wise distribution, type and sector of empanelled hospitals and services offered through PM-JAY scheme across all the states and UTs. RESULTS: We found that out of the total facilities empanelled (N = 20,257) under the scheme in 2020, more than half (N = 11,367, 56%) were in the public sector, while 8,157 (40%) facilities were private for profit, and 733 (4%) were private not for profit entities. State wise distribution of hospitals showed that five states (Karnataka (N = 2,996, 14.9%), Gujarat (N = 2,672, 13.3%), Uttar Pradesh (N = 2,627, 13%), Tamil Nadu (N = 2315, 11.5%) and Rajasthan (N = 2,093 facilities, 10.4%) contributed to more than 60% of empanelled PMJAY facilities: We also observed that 40% of facilities were offering between two and five specialties while 14% of empanelled hospitals provided 21-24 specialties. CONCLUSION: A majority of the hospital empanelled under the scheme are in states with previous experience of implementing publicly funded health insurance schemes, with the exception of Uttar Pradesh. Reasons underlying these patterns of empanelment as well as the impact of empanelment on service access, utilisation, population health and financial risk protection warrant further study. While the inclusion and regulation of the private sector is a goal that may be served by empanelment, the role of public sector remains critical, particularly in underserved areas of India.

Realist evaluation to improve health systems responsiveness to neglected health needs of vulnerable groups in Ghana and Vietnam: Study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Socio-economic growth in many low and middle-income countries has resulted in more available, though not equitably accessible, healthcare. Such growth has also increased demands from citizens for their health systems to be more responsive to their needs. This paper shares a protocol for the RESPONSE study which aims to understand, co-produce, implement and evaluate context-sensitive interventions to improve health systems responsiveness to health needs of vulnerable groups in Ghana and Vietnam. METHODS: We will use a realist mixed-methods theory-driven case study design, combining quantitative (household survey, secondary analysis of facility data) and qualitative (in-depth interviews, focus groups, observations and document and literature review) methods. Data will be analysed retroductively. The study will comprise three Phases. In Phase 1, we will understand actors' expectations of responsive health systems, identify key priorities for interventions, and using evidence from a realist synthesis we will develop an initial theory and generate a baseline data. In Phase 2, we will co-produce jointly with key actors, the context-sensitive interventions to improve health systems responsiveness. The interventions will seek to improve internal (i.e. intra-system) and external (i.e. people-systems) interactions through participatory workshops. In Phase 3, we will implement and evaluate the interventions by testing and refining our initial theory through comparing the intended design to the interventions' actual performance. DISCUSSION: The study's key outcomes will be: (1) improved health systems responsiveness, contributing to improved health services and ultimately health outcomes in Ghana and Vietnam and (2) an empirically-grounded and theoretically-informed model of complex contexts-mechanisms-outcomes relations, together with transferable best practices for scalability and generalisability. Decision-makers across different levels will be engaged throughout. Capacity strengthening will be underpinned by in-depth understanding of capacity needs and assets of each partner team, and will aim to strengthen individual, organisational and system level capacities.

Atores, espaços e instrumentos de governança na Rede de Atenção à Saúde Bucal / Actors, spaces and instruments of governance in the oral health network / Actores, espacios e instrumentos de gobernanza en la Red de Atención a la Salud Bucal

Este artigo buscou analisar a relação entre atores, espaços e instrumentos de governança da rede de Atenção à Saúde bucal em uma região de saúde do Paraná. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, no qual foram realizadas 13 entrevistas semiestruturadas, utilizando-se a técnica de amostragem "bola de neve", por meio de informante-chave. Os dados foram analisados por análise de discurso sob uma perspectiva teórica de governança. Foi evidente a ausência dos atores não governamentais no processo e a capacidade do ente municipal gerir assuntos públicos. As relações entre serviços foram estabelecidas majoritariamente de modo informal. Essa rede foi considerada periférica, considerando que se fez pouco presente nas agendas de espaços com poder decisório, dificultando a construção de relações regionais. É necessário potencializar interações, articulações e pactuações com vistas à governança, com aspiração de promover uma atenção mais integral e menos fragmentada. (AU)

This article analyzes the relationship between actors, spaces and instruments of governance in the oral health network in a health region in the state of Paraná, Brazil. We conducted a qualitative study in which 13 semi-structured interviews were conducted using snowball sampling. The data were analyzed using discourse analysis drawing on theoretical perspectives on governance. The findings revealed the absence of non-governmental actors in the process and lack of capacity of the municipal government for the management of public affairs. Relationships between the services were largely informal. The network was regarded as peripheral, given that it had limited presence on the agendas of decision-making spaces, hampering the construction of regional relations. It is necessary to enhance interactions, articulations and agreements focused on governance in order promote more comprehensive and less fragmented care. (AU)

El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar la relación entre actores, espacios e instrumentos de gobernanza de la red de atención a la salud bucal en una región de salud del Estado de Paraná. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, en el que se realizaron 13 entrevistas semiestructuradas, utilizándose la técnica de muestreo "bola de nieve", a partir de informante-clave. Los datos se analizaron por medio de análisis de discurso bajo una perspectiva teórica de gobernanza. Quedó en evidencia la ausencia de los actores no gubernamentales en el proceso y la capacidad del ente municipal para gestionar asuntos públicos. Las relaciones entre servicios se establecieron mayoritariamente de modo informal. Esta red se consideró periférica, considerando que estuvo poco presente en las agendas de espacios con poder de decisión, dificultando la construcción de relaciones regionales. Es necesario potencializar interacciones, articulaciones y pactos con vistas a la gobernanza, con aspiración de promover una atención más integral y menos fragmentada. (AU)

Linking household surveys and facility assessments: a comparison of geospatial methods using nationally representative data from Malawi.

BACKGROUND: Linking facility and household surveys through geographic methods is a popular technique to draw conclusions about the relationship between health services and population health outcomes at local levels. These methods are useful tools for measuring effective coverage and tracking progress towards Universal Health Coverage, but are understudied. This paper compares the appropriateness of several geospatial methods used for linking individuals (within displaced survey cluster locations) to their source of family planning (at undisplaced health facilities) at a national level. METHODS: In Malawi, geographic methods linked a population health survey, rural clusters from the Woman's Questionnaire of the 2015 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS 2015), to Malawi's national health facility census to understand the service environment where women receive family planning services. Individuals from MDHS 2015 clusters were linked to health facilities through four geographic methods: (i) closest facility, (ii) buffer (5 km), (iii) administrative boundary, and (iv) a newly described theoretical catchment area method. Results were compared across metrics to assess the number of unlinked clusters (data lost), the number of linkages per cluster (precision of linkage), and the number of women linked to their last source of modern contraceptive (appropriateness of linkage). RESULTS: The closest facility and administrative boundary methods linked every cluster to at least one facility, while the 5-km buffer method left 288 clusters (35.3%) unlinked. The theoretical catchment area method linked all but one cluster to at least one facility (99.9% linked). Closest facility, 5-km buffer, administrative boundary, and catchment methods linked clusters to 1.0, 1.4, 21.1, and 3.3 facilities on average, respectively. Overall, the closest facility, 5-km buffer, administrative boundary, and catchment methods appropriately linked 64.8%, 51.9%, 97.5%, and 88.9% of women to their last source of modern contraceptive, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Of the methods studied, the theoretical catchment area linking method loses a marginal amount of population data, links clusters to a relatively low number of facilities, and maintains a high level of appropriate linkages. This linking method is demonstrated at scale and can be used to link individuals to qualities of their service environments and better understand the pathways through which interventions impact health.

Fertility characteristics and related factors impacting on Syrian refugee women living in Istanbul.

BACKGROUND: Women's fertility characteristics are affected by many different factors. AIM: To gain an awareness of fertility characteristics of Syrian refugee women and the influential factors. METHODS: This study was planned as a cross-sectional study to determine the efficiency and related factors of Syrian refugees living in Istanbul. The survey of 300 refugee women applying Arabs who migrated to Turkey, Kurds, Turkmen and Yezidi origin they receive. RESULT: Average age of the women studied was 34.26 ± 10.15, 34.6% of the participants had not received any education, 37% had less than two-year inter-pregnancy interval, 58.6% have not received "Safe Motherhood" service, 43.6% have conceived their last child unwillingly. Women in the study group had in average 3±2,4 children and the number of children they wanted was 3±1,59. These values were substantially affected negatively by the women's education level and positively by the income level. Yezidis had significantly more children than other ethnic groups and did not have a "religious ban" on voluntary abortion. CONCLUSION: It has been noted that fertility characteristics of refugee women who migrated to Turkey changed according to their ethnic backgrounds and were sustained in the country they migrated to. Along with harsh living conditions and insufficient access to health services the situation has been observed to pose serious risks on reproductive health.

COVID-19: The Current Situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease that has affected all African countries including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Formidable challenges limit precautionary measures which were instituted by the government to curb the pandemic. Insufficient COVID-19 testing laboratories, limited medical and personal protective equipment, and an inadequate number of health workers leave the country ill-equipped in the fight against the pandemic. Lack of assistance from the government to those who lost their jobs due to lockdown forced these individuals to go outside to find provisions, thus increasing the spread of the virus. Moreover, the fragile healthcare system is overburdened by civil conflicts and other epidemics and endemics amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The conflicts have led to thousands of deaths and hundreds of thousands of displacements and deprived many people of basic health services. The 11th outbreak of Ebola has been increasing at an alarming pace, and it is expected to soar because of a shortfall of funds and insufficient numbers of health workers. The DRC with the cooperation of regional powers needs to address these challenges in a manner similar to that used in the previous Ebola epidemics. Moreover, the government should have a balance in shifting the available resources between COVID-19 and other diseases. Until a vaccine is available, the DRC needs to be prudent when lifting restrictions to prevent explosion of new cases.

Empowering Caseworkers to Better Serve the Most Vulnerable with a Cloud-Based Care Management Solution.

BACKGROUND: Care-management tools are typically utilized for chronic disease management. Sonoma County government agencies employed advanced health information technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and interagency process improvements to help transform health and health care for socially disadvantaged groups and other displaced individuals. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this case report is to describe how an integrated data hub and care-management solution streamlined care coordination of government services during a time of community-wide crisis. METHODS: This innovative application of care-management tools created a bridge between social and clinical determinants of health and used a three-step approach-access, collaboration, and innovation. The program Accessing Coordinated Care to Empower Self Sufficiency Sonoma was established to identify and match the most vulnerable residents with services to improve their well-being. Sonoma County created an Interdepartmental Multidisciplinary Team to deploy coordinated cross-departmental services (e.g., health and human services, housing services, probation) to support individuals experiencing housing insecurity. Implementation of a data integration hub (DIH) and care management and coordination system (CMCS) enabled integration of siloed data and services into a unified view of citizen status, identification of clinical and social determinants of health from structured and unstructured sources, and algorithms to match clients across systems. RESULTS: The integrated toolset helped 77 at-risk individuals in crisis through coordinated care plans and access to services in a time of need. Two case examples illustrate the specific care and services provided individuals with complex needs after the 2017 Sonoma County wildfires. CONCLUSION: Unique application of a care-management solution transformed health and health care for individuals fleeing from their homes and socially disadvantaged groups displaced by the Sonoma County wildfires. Future directions include expanding the DIH and CMCS to neighboring counties to coordinate care regionally. Such solutions might enable innovative care-management solutions across a variety of public, private, and nonprofit services.

City size and the spreading of COVID-19 in Brazil.

The current outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an unprecedented example of how fast an infectious disease can spread around the globe (especially in urban areas) and the enormous impact it causes on public health and socio-economic activities. Despite the recent surge of investigations about different aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we still know little about the effects of city size on the propagation of this disease in urban areas. Here we investigate how the number of cases and deaths by COVID-19 scale with the population of Brazilian cities. Our results indicate small towns are proportionally more affected by COVID-19 during the initial spread of the disease, such that the cumulative numbers of cases and deaths per capita initially decrease with population size. However, during the long-term course of the pandemic, this urban advantage vanishes and large cities start to exhibit higher incidence of cases and deaths, such that every 1% rise in population is associated with a 0.14% increase in the number of fatalities per capita after about four months since the first two daily deaths. We argue that these patterns may be related to the existence of proportionally more health infrastructure in the largest cities and a lower proportion of older adults in large urban areas. We also find the initial growth rate of cases and deaths to be higher in large cities; however, these growth rates tend to decrease in large cities and to increase in small ones over time.